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ALL ABOUT 


HAWAII 


By- 


DANIEL LOGAN 


Price, $1.50 Postpaid 

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CHAPPLE PUBLISHING COMPANY 

952-956 Dorchester Avenue, Boston, Mass. 

1921 



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COPYRIGHT, 1921 

By 

DANIEL LOGAN 



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INTRODUCTION 

' I S HIS little volume is a private enterprise of its author. Its preparation 
was undertaken owing to personal knowledge that visitors to the islands 
were searching the bookstands in vain for a compact summary of Hawaii's 
attractions, industries, commerce, institutions and people, to carry away or 
send to their families and friends. This is the third publication of similar 
purpose written by the same author. Each of the others upon its appearance 
was hailed as the best work of the kind relating to Hawaii which had ever 
been published. 

In designing the present volume the main object was to provide answers 
to the questions most commonly asked about Hawaii, by visitors on the ground 
and people abroad. Having been an editor of newspapers and periodicals, 
as well as contributor of articles on Hawaiian subjects to publications through- 
out the world, during a residence of thirty-six years in Honolulu, and having 
crossed the continent four times, the author is familiar with what people every- 
where wish to know about the Hawaiian Islands, besides having had great 
opportunities for obtaining correct information to gratify their curiosity. 

His journalistic experience in Hawaii rounded out forty-six years of writing 
for the press and fifty-three as a member of the printing craft. He was engaged 
at different times to draft important documents, including letters from Queen 
Liliuokalani and Queen Dowager Kapiolani, in connection with the death of 
King Kalakaua; the first argument for a Federal building in Honolulu ever 
filed in Washington; a governor's annual report to the Secretary of the In- 
terior; the report of a territorial sanitary commission, constitutions and bylaws 
for many organizations, etc. The United States District Court awarded him 
an extra fee for the manner in which he discharged the duties of a trustee in 
bankruptcy; he has served as trustee of property and funds for corporate and 
other bodies, and four and a half years as a supervisor of the city and county 
of Honolulu. 

Among the author's productions have been the following articles, pamphlets 
and books: Life of Father Damien (Sydney Bulletin, 1889); Japanese in 
Hawaii (Yokohama paper, 1890) ; obsequies of King Kalakaua (Los Angeles 
Times and Paris /' Illustration, 1891); Farewell of Minister Stevens (New York 
World, 1893); Education in Hawaii (North American Review, July, 1897); 
The Hawaiian Islands (for Republic of Hawaii, 1899) ; Hawaiian affairs (inter- 
view Boston Herald, 1899); Volcanoes of Hawaii (1901); Hawaii: Its People, 
Resources and Climate (subsidized by Territory of Hawaii, 1903) ; History of 
Hawaii (Lewis Publishing Company, Chicago and Los Angeles, 1904) ; Hawaii as 



a Tourist Resort (Four Track News), and articles on Hawaii and Vice-President 
Coolidge in recent numbers of the National Magazine, Boston. 

As to the method of presentation the author of this compendium has given 
less emphasis to word-painting than to exact description. For example, in the 
"Topographical" section, the matter is taken almost bodily from bulletins of 
the United States Geological Survey. There is nothing so exact and compre- 
hensive on the subject in any textbook of the Hawaiian schools. It is informa- 
tion, as to completeness, which will be new even to a large proportion of the 
residents of the Territory of Hawaii. 

The pictures in "All About Hawaii" have been selected from a large collec- 
tion of photographs with an eye to diversification of subjects. Photo-engraved 
by a first-class Boston house in that line, with the famous presswork of the 
Chappie Publishing Company, they make of the book a handsome album of 
Hawaii, of which the original photographs cannot be bought for three times 
the price of the book. 

Daniel Logan. 
4 Victoria Street, Boston (25), Mass. 
May 1, 1921. 



INDEX 



Accessibility, 14 

American missionaries, the, 19 

Assessments of property, 49 

Banks, 49 

Bonded debt, 50 

Chief cities, 13 

Climate, 2 

Comeback Club of Hawaii, 1 

Commerce of Hawaii, 53 

Corporations, 49 

Crossroads of the Pacific, 1 

Education, 41 

Facilities of travel, 47 

Feasting in ancient style, IS 

Foundries, 49 

General information, 49 

Hawaii National Park, 12 

Hospitality of people, 5 

Hotels, 14, 23, 41, 44, 46 

Immigration, 23 

Island of Hawaii, 27 

Island of Kauai, 34 

Island of Maui, 30 

Island of Molokai, 38 

Island of Oahu, 32 

Japan's ultimatum, 24 



Library of Hawaii, 49 

Mark Twain's tribute, 1 

Melting pot, the, 5 

Missionaries from America, 19 

Moonlight, 2 

Mountains of Hawaii, 8, 27, 30, 32, 

34, 38 
Municipal system, 49 
Native people, 2 
Population, 50 
Postal receipts, 49 
Prince of Wales boosts Hawaii, 1 
Professor Pickering's visit, 2 
Railroads, 14, 47 
Recreation and sport, 16 
Roads, 14 
Scenery, 6 
Shipping, 50 
Steamers, 14, 47 
Telegraph and telephone, 50 
Topographical, 27 
Trails, 16 

United States revenues, 50 
Volcanoes 6, 13, 16, 17, 27, 28, 48 
World's highest island mountain, 27 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



Akaka Falls, 20 

Alexander Young Hotel, 23 

Along the North Hilo coastline, 43 

At Fort and Hotel streets, 34 

Bishop museum, 10 

Bit of Japan, 11 

Christian church, 12 

Coconut palms, 15 

Davies' million-dollar building, 33 

Diamond Head lighthouse, 5 

Flowing lava formations, 17 

Haleiwa Hotel, 46 

Halemaumau (volcano), 48 

Hawaii coast scene, 4 

Honolulu city and harbor, 7 

Honolulu residence, 26 

Hula dancer and grass hut, 51 

Iao Needle, Maui, 25 

Japanese fishing sampans, 30 

Kamehameha avenue, Hilo, 39 



Lava flow in Kilauea, 28 

Legislature of 1921, 55 

Moana Hotel, 41 

Natural arch, Onomea, 37 

Night-blooming cereus, 40 

Oahu Country Club, 29 

Old royal barracks, 24 

On the beach at Waikiki, 42 

Outrigger canoe surfriding, 35 

Panorama of Honolulu (folder) 

Pa-u riders, 27 

Pineapple fields, 13 

Royal palm avenue, 6 

Steamer Mauna Kea, 18 

Sugar mill and naval station, 9 

Traveler's palm, 3 

United States Building (frontispiece) 

Volcano House, 44 

Y. M. C. A., Army and Navy, 31 

Y. M. C. A., central, 21 




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ALL ABOUT HAWAII 

AWAII, land of romance and rainbows, combines delightful 
climate, magnificent scenery, strange social structure, oppor- 
tunity of rest and recreation, enthralling historic interest 
and home-compelling charm, in greater degrees than can 
be found in any other proportionate area on the surface 
of the globe. 

The intangible, yet nevertheless real "Comeback Club" of Hawaii, 
is one of the largest fraternal units in existence, its membership being 
spread throughout the seven seas. The Prince of Wales, heir to the 
imperial British crown, joined the club on his trip around the world 
in 1920, as was proved by his "coming back" for a second visit on 
his way home. On returning to London, in a speech at the Guildhall, 
the prince advised the Lord Mayor to go to Honolulu after completing 
his term of office. Following is the passage of the address in which 
the Prince of Wales expressed his delight at having visited Honolulu 
twice on his tour: 

On the Pacific side at Panama I was entertained by the President of the 
republic of Panama, who were our allies in the war. From there we steamed 
up the west coast of Mexico to San Diego, a fine city in the state of California, 
the garden of the west, where the kindness and hospitality of the Americans, 
which I experienced there as- well as during my two visits to Honolulu, makes 
me look forward to paying another visit to the other great English-speaking 
nation. Honolulu has many attractions, my lord mayor, and I feel sure 
that as soon as you have laid down your present high and arduous office you 
could take no better holiday than in Hawaii or enjoy nothing better than 
surf-riding and their famous music. 

Right well is this little archipelago of Uncle Sam called the 
"Paradise of the Pacific." Mark Twain, in not his first tribute 
to the isles he visited at the dawn of his fame, described them as 

"The loveliest fleet of islands that lies anchored in any ocean." 

THE PACIFIC CROSSROADS 

Hawaii is well denominated the "Crossroads of the Pacific," being 
strategically situated upon the great trade routes between North and 
South America, eastward, and between the North Pacific coast and 
Asia and Australasia, westward. 

Since the opening of the Panama Canal, eliminating the stormy 
Cape Horn route, the islands are brought into close intimacy with 



2 ALL ABOUT HAWAII 

the eastern coasts and islands of all-America, as well as having for the 
first time regular steam intercourse with South American ports on the 
Pacific. 

Hawaii has frequent mails to and from all sides. Cable and wireless 
systems afford instant communication with all the outer world, while 
wireless telegraphy brings the principal islands of the group together 
in rapid intercourse. 

CLIMATE 

There is not a more equable and balmy climate in the world than 
that of the Hawaiian Islands. Winter is distinguished from summer 
chiefly by its slightly shorter days, also a greater degree of humidity. 
There are no extremes of heat and cold at habitable altitudes. 

One year is just like another, so that the figures of one taken at 
random afford a fair criterion of the climate of Hawaii. They show for 
Honolulu an extreme daily range of 56 to 81 degrees for January. 
and 67 to 85 for July. At Kealakekua. on the leeward coast of the 
island of Hawaii, the daily mean for January is 64.8. and for July 
68.6 degrees. 

Frost never touches Hawaiian soil at elevations where cultivation 
is practicable. Hawaii is a refuge from both the frigid and the torrid 
seasons of the temperate zones, north and south of the equator— a 
summer or a winter resort as one likes. Hurricanes have been almost 
unknown and but narrow of sweep in these islands. Velvety breezes 
prevail, cooling without chilling. 

LAND OF MOONLIGHT 

Hawaii's moonlight, especially along the seashore, once enjoyed 
is never forgotten. Lunar rainbows there are frequent and wonderfully 
brilliant. Science, in fact, has sought to establish an affinity between 
Hawaii and the moon. Professor William Henry Pickering, the as- 
tronomer of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard 
University, visited Hawaii in 1905 to compare its crater formations 
with those in the moon. The following year he gave the results of his 
investigations to the world in a treatise entitled "Lunar and Hawaiian 
Physical Features Compared." 

WONDERFUL NATIVE PEOPLE 

It is believed that the Hawaiian Islands were inhabited as early 
as the year 500. After their modern discovery they were called the 




TRAVELER'S PALM 



4 



ALL ABOUT HAWAII 




HAWAII COAST SCENE 



Sandwich Islands, after the Earl of Sandwich, but this name has now 
become obsole:e The aboriginal people were supposed to belong 
:: the same £:e as the : ribes :: Samoa, Fiji and Tahiti. These, in 
turn, are by some authorities held to have come from old-world regions 

way of Java. One theory makes the Hawaiians descendants of 
the Phoenicians, which is in harmony with their natural seafaring skill. 

Driven from their far southern homes by war, as is supposed, the 
tribes that first colonized this group in the North Pacific found their 
way to the new Canaan in the watery desert without chart or com- 
pass. The main direction was probably derived from southerly drift- 
ing flotsam that indicated land to the north, but the course of the daring 
voyagers was laid by observation of the stars. It is certain that there 
was much intercourse between the archipelagos below the equator 
and Hawaii during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. 

At their discover European voyagers at the close of the eigh- 

teenth century, the Hawaiians were found remarkably skilled in various 
ways — evidenced in the fashioning of their dwellings and canoes, their 
well-planned irrigation works, the splendor of the raiment of their 
chiefs, the ingenuity of their tools of artisanship, agricultural and 
fishing implements, their domestic utensils, their tapa-cloth beaten 
from bark, etc. 



ALL ABOUT HAWAII 5 

Withal, the Hawaiians proved to be the most amiable and hospit- 
able people that any explorers in outlandish places had ever met. 
These fine qualities have not only remained with the Hawaiians through- 
out all the changes wrought by civilization, but have been stamped 
upon the alien society of the islands. Nowhere is the stranger in a 
strange land made more welcome than in Hawaii, or to experience at 
parting a keener home-leaving sensation. 

THE MELTING POT 

Cosmopolitanism is an outstanding characteristic of the Hawaiian 
community. Here is the "melting pot" of the Pacific. A group 
photograph of a girls' seminary, in which English is the medium of 
instruction, comprised more than a score of racial varieties. Feuds of 
factions within individual colonies are not unknown in Hawaii, but dis- 
orderly clashes between different races there have been wholly absent. 

Nationalities are commingled in all sorts of organizations, but 
anybody drawing the color line to aid ambition is riding for a fall. 




DIAMOND HEAD LIGHTHOUSE 
At entrance of Honolulu Bay 



6 



ALL ABOUT HAWAII 



Schools and playgrounds are aiding the process of transmuting alien 
elements into the pure metal of Americanism. Orientals too old to 
change their national peculiarities yet rejoice at their children's oppor- 
tunities to qualify for American citizenship. 

As for the laughing and singing Hawaiians, they take to American 
patriotism, with all its frills, like ducks to water. None can get ahead 
of them in the great national game of politics. 

SCENERY 

Mountain scenery rivaling the grandest on the globe is found in 
the Hawaiian Islands. In the middle of Hawaii, the largest island, 




AVENUE OF ROYAL PALMS 



Mauna Kea of 13,805, Mauna Loa of 13,675, and Hualalai of 8,275 
feet elevation are broad-based domes reared by volcanic action. This 
force is still in operation, Mauna Loa being the seat of two active 
volcanoes, besides frequently emitting rivers of molten lava from 
its slopes. On the north side of the same island the Kohala range 
boasts a peak more than 5,500 feet high. 



8 ALL ABOUT HAWAII 

From some parts of the coast the rise to the higher elevations is 
gradual, while elsewhere vertical precipices of great altitude meet 
the proud waves of the ocean. At many points silvery cascades of 
water streak the faces of the cliffs. These ribbon-like cataracts are 
common sights upon the coasts of all the larger islands, delighting the 
eyes of travelers on passing steamers. 

Maui is an island of two distinct mountain mass formations, the 
smaller being a cluster of sharply serrated ridges and acute peaks, 
the loftiest 5,800 feet above sea level. Haleakala, a sublime dome, 
is the other portion, rising gradually to a height of more than 10,000 
feet. Its summit embraces the largest extinct crater in the world, 
with a circumference at the rim of thirty miles. Within this vast cav- 
ity volcanic cones stand up which are veritable mountains themselves, 
while clouds come down and drape the sunken landscape. Sightseers 
climb to the top over night to view the gorgeous spectacle as the rising 
sun dissipates the rolling vapors, gilding them with its rays and filling 
the cavernous spaces with rainbow colors. "House of the Rising Sun" 
is the translation of Haleakala. 

Oahu, seat of the territorial capital, is buttressed with two noble 
ranges — Koolau and Waianae— besides having several isolated mounds, 
of which Punchbowl overlooking Honolulu is both picturesque in itself 
and a viewpoint commanding a prospect of mountain, plain, ocean, 
valley and city — a scenic ensemble of almost unsurpassable charm. 
From this and other heights near Honolulu a good view of Pearl Har- 
bor, one of the greatest of United States naval stations, can be obtained. 
Oahu mountains have seven major peaks ranging from 1,205 to 4,030 
feet in height. 

Kauai, "the garden isle," is built around the mountain bulk of 
Waialeale, from which radiate several ranges. The lay of its moun- 
tains gives Kauai more streams than any other island of the group. 
Waimea canyon on this island has been likened, in a United States 
geological survey report, to the Yosemite valley in miniature. It is 
a favorite theme of landscape painters. 

Molokai has an array of mountains as grand as that of any of its 
larger sisters, while its coastline is perhaps bolder than that of any 
other. Its waterfalls tumbling over perpendicular cliffs from heights 
of many hundred feet are magnificent. 

The smaller islands, passed by the inter-island traveler, have pic- 
turesque features in keeping with the beauty and grandeur of the 
group as a whole. 




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ALL ABOUT HAWAII 



Forty years ago a famous woman traveler reproached Hawaii, 
by contrast with South Pacific groups, for having a parched-looking 
aspect, with its russet-hued mountains devoid of foliage and verdure. 
This was a true portrayal then, but would not be so today. That is, 
excepting the great volcanic desolations, which, however, have a 
weirdness that discounts mere beauty. Thanks to public and private 
forestation, and the agricultural conquest of hillsides and plateaus. 




BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MEMORIAL MUSEUM 



the sombre tints of desolateness have been replaced by all the diverse 
values of green, which, in the flora of Hawaii, are at once the delight 
and the despair of the colorist. 

Mountains, however, are but the framework of Hawaii's scenic 
composition. Bare mention only can be made of the deep and fertile 
valleys, the great plateaus and seacoast plains occupied by prosperous 
gardeners and ranchmen, the illimitable reaches of sugar cane rust- 
ling in the breeze, the extensive pineapple fields with their purple rows 
geometrically criss-crossing both hill and plain, together with the 
quaint villages, the progressive shire-towns, the well-gardened army 
and navy posts, the orient-flavored labor camps, and, last but not 













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A BIT OF JAPAN IN HONOLULU 



12 



ALL ABOUT HAWAII 



least impressive, the eternal thundering of Old Ocean upon rugged 
coastline and coral-built reef. 

There are several places within sheltered bays where the coral 
worms construction work may be closely inspected. This is through 




CHRISTIAN CHURCH, HONOLULU 

Tropical bungalow style 

the medium of glass-bottomed boats, or even over the gunwales of 
a boat, forests of vari-colored coral "trees, 1 ' the "roots" many fathoms 
down and the "foliage" near the surface, being vividly in vision, 
especially under the clear sunlight, with gorgeously colored and 
curiously-shaped fishes darting in and out of the jagged caves. 

HAWAII NATIONAL PARK 

The United States government has added the volcanoes of Hawaii 
to the National Park system. Through the territorial government 
it has acquired possession of a large area of land covering the two 
active volcanoes, Kilauea and Mokuaweoweo, on Mauna Loa, island 
of Hawaii, and a tract taking in the extinct crater of Haleakala, island 
of Maui, and has taken steps for the supervision of both compounds 



ALL ABOUT HAWAII 



13 



in the interest of visitors and investigators. This aggregation is offi- 
cially entitled the "Hawaii National Park." One of the great boons 
for the public anticipated from federal management is the construction 
of roads for vehicular transportation, where now are but difficult trails, 
to the summits of Mauna Loa and Haleakala. Regarding the Kilauea 
volcano, Mr. H. M. Albright, first assistant to the director of national 
parks, has written the following tribute: 

I want to record my feeling that this (Kilauea) is the most wonderful 
feature of the national park service, surpassing the geysers of the Yellowstone 
and the waterfalls of the Yosemite, and even the big trees of Sequoi park. It 




PINEAPPLE FIELDS 



is the most inspiring thing that I have ever observed, and I have no hesitation 
in predicting that, when once the people of the United States realize what a won- 
derful thing this volcano is, it will become the objective of thousands of visitors. 

THE CHIEF CITIES 

Honolulu, the capital city, regarded merely as a modern town, 
might be omitted from the catalogue of Hawaiian scenery. But it is 
more than an ordinary city of equal size on the mainland. Even its 
present-day business architecture, its industrial and commercial enter- 
prises, its position as the half-way house of Pacific ocean traffic, together 



14 ALL ABOUT HAWAII 

with its churches and schools, its hospitals and museums, and its 
abounding institutions of civilization, all carry an interesting story 
for everybody who knows aught of the small beginnings, a century 
ago, from which this mid-ocean metropolis has sprung. 

By scenic standards, though, Honolulu rivals any city that can be 
named. From hundreds of lookout positions — even 'windows in the 
business section — enthralling visions of grandeur and beauty combined 
extend far and wide. 

Internally, too, the city contains many objectives of strange interest 
to the occidentally-bred. Such are the oriental marts with their 
curious and rich wares, the polyglot crowds and the babel of sounds 
in the provision markets, the Buddhist temples and Chinese joss 
houses, the Japanese gardens on the banks of lily ponds and purling 
streams, the oriental hospitals and club houses; above all, the kaleido- 
scopic content of humanity. These are but a few of the attractions 
that make Honolulu of itself worth the cost of a trip to Hawaii. 

Honolulu's best residence sections are simply an aggregation of 
parks, with their wealth of tropical flora around castles and bungalows. 
There are opulent suburbs crowning the hills and nestling in the valleys, 
the clouds moistening the roofs on the higher locations, and all cooled 
by balmy trade winds. 

There are up-to-date hotels, many of them catering especially to 
resident and sojourning families, and cafes second in appearance and 
style to none in any mainland city. Parks for the public, also play- 
grounds for children, are established in all quarters of the city, and 
the public beach resorts are now being methodically extended and 
improved. 

What is said here of Honolulu will apply, proportionately, to Hilo 
on Hawaii, Wailuku on Maui and Lihue on Kauai, the other shire- 
towns of the territory. 

ACCESSIBILITY 

Hawaii's attractions are not handicapped by any degree of inac- 
cessibility. Comfortable steamers ply between the islands. The larger 
islands have railways connecting their traffic centers. Good roads 
extend in all directions from the towns, in some cases being scenic in 
themselves, here twisting and winding their way along the faces of 
dizzy precipices — guarded with concrete parapets — and again skirt- 
ing the sinuous coast line with ocean spray cooling the traveler's cheek. 

There are bridle trails, to negotiate which is an adventure of a 




COCONUT PALMS 



16 ALL ABOUT HAWAII 

life- time. Hiking trails are marked for the confirmed pedestrian and 
the incorrigible mountain climber. 

What many consider the supreme object of a visit to Hawaii — a 
close-up view of Kilauea volcano — is a matter of a round trip from 
Honolulu of but sixty hours, with every comfort of land and sea 
travel. 

A look into that lake of fire leaves a never-fading impression upon 
the mind of the beholder. 

RECREATION AND SPORT 

Although Hawaii has never bid for fame as a sportsman's paradise, 
yet there is something doing all the time in sports and pastimes. 

Horse racing is a holiday function at Honolulu, Hilo and Kahului, 
and polo is well organized and equipped. 

Baseball has been the leader for generations, some of the great- 
grandfathers of the present having introduced it on primitive Hono- 
lulu's esplanade. There are leagues in every town and at every army 
and navy post. Chinese have gone from Hawaii with bat and ball 
to win victories in America and Asia. Colleges of Japan send crack 
teams to Hawaii, and Japanese residents are leaders in the American 
game in the territory. Players of Hawaiian blood have performed 
in big league ball in the States. 

Golf is available to visiting devotees upon several links, and the 
premier course at Oahu country club, in Nuuanu valley, Honolulu, 
commands a magnificent view of mountain, vale, and ocean. 

Lawn tennis and football are well sustained in their respective 
seasons. There are frequent visits of champion tennis players. Cricket, 
too, is organized. 

Hawaiian swimmers having frequently placed their country "on 
the map," including triumphs at the world's Olympic games, it is 
hardly necessary to say that natatorial exercises are particularly con- 
spicuous in the islands. Tournaments in the harbor and indoor tanks 
are among the most popular of entertainments. Surfboard riding 
and surf-canoeing are nowhere practised with more zest than "on the 
beach at Waikiki." 

There is hunting in season of duck and plover, dove and pheasant, 
a license being required, likewise for certain preserves a permit; yet 
it is not difficult for the stranger with proper introduction to obtain 
the privileges. 

For the big game Nimrod there is opportunity to stalk wild cattle. 




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ALL. ABOUT HAWAII 



pigs, deer, and goats, the shooting of all of which is encouraged by 
landowners and government forest conservers. 

Shark-hunting can also be easily arranged for, and it is particularly 
exciting. 

The "hukilau," a native ceremony of hospitality, is a treat for 
visitors. They are invited by the hosts to assist in hauling great nets 
full of fish to land through the ocean surf, after which the catch is 
distributed among the members of the party. 

Directly afterward there is likely to be a "luau," a feast in ancient 
Hawaiian style, where, in "the real thing," fingers take the place of 
knife and fork, and at which suckling pig, fish and sweet potatoes 
baked upon red-hot stones underground, besides the national pottage, 
"poi," together with strange Hawaiian condiments made of kukui 
nuts, seaweed, etc., served on fern-strewed boards upon the ground, 
make a repast never to be forgotten by the "malihini," or "tenderfoot" 
in American parlance. 

All the familiar indoor athletic games are practised in well-equipped 
gymnasia, while boxing matches are common at army posts and in 
town — chaplains sometimes acting as "chaperons" at the ringside. 




INTER-ISLAND STEAMER MAUNA KEA 
On Volcano route 



THE AMERICAN MISSIONARIES 

ALTHOUGH the Hawaiian Islands were previously visited by 
- American merchant ships and whaling vessels, American civi- 
lization in the group may fairly be said to date from the arrival of the 
New England missionaries in 1820. To celebrate the centenary of 
this event a week of festivities and pageants was observed in the summer 
of 1920, just as the preparations for celebrating the tercentenary of 
the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth were being completed in 
Massachusetts. Commerce, however, furnished the incident out of 
which the American evangelical mission originated. 

Obookiah, a Hawaiian boy, sailed from Hawaii in a vessel com- 
manded by Captain Brintnall of New Haven. Rev. Edwin W. Dwight 
found the brown-skinned lad weeping on the steps of Yale College. 
He was both lonely and hungry for an education. Mr. Dwight took 
him to his home and began instructing him. Through the interest 
aroused in his case, a foreign mission training school was started at 
Cornwall, Connecticut. Of the first twelve pupils, seven were Hawaiian 
boys who, in the interval of a few years, had come to the United States 
in whaling and trading vessels. 

Obookiah's ambition was to become a missionary to his fellow- 
countrymen in Hawaii, but after starting work on writing a grammar, 
a dictionary, and a spelling book, he died of fever, nine months after 
the school had opened, at the age of twenty-six years. In two years 
from the time of his death, the first band of missionaries was ready 
to depart for the Sandwich Islands, as the group was then called. 

The party consisted of Rev. Hiram Bingham and Rev. Asa Thurs- 
ton, graduates of Andover Theological Seminary; Dr. Thomas Holman, 
a physician; Daniel Chamberlain, a farmer; Samuel Whitney, mechanic 
and teacher; Samuel Ruggles, catechist and teacher, and Elisha Loomis, 
printer and teacher. Each of these men was accompanied by his 
wife, and Mr. Chamberlain by five children in addition. There were 
also in the party three Hawaiian students of the Cornwall school and 
George Tanoree, a son of Kaumualii, king of Kauai, who had been sent 
to America by his father fourteen years before to be educated. The 
captain who took him there had lost the money entrusted to him for 
the boy's education, and a short time after reaching America George 
found himself stranded. 

This Hawaiian prince served in the United States navy throughout 

the War of 1812 and the Tripolitan War, after which he was discovered 

<r? - 

19 



20 



ALL ABOUT HAWAII 



at one of the navy yards by some kindly-disposed persons and sent to 

the Cornwall school. 

The party embarked in the brig Thaddeus from Long Wharf in 

Boston on October 23, 1819, and sighted the mountain peaks of 

Hawaii on the morning of 
March 30, 1820. 

A second party of mission- 
aries from New England arrived 
at Honolulu in the ship Thames 
on April 27, 1823. It was com- 
posed of Rev. Artemus Bishop 
and wife, Dr. Abraham Blatch- 
ley and wife, Levi Chamberlain, 
James Ely and wife, Joseph 
Goodrich and wife, Rev. William 
Richards and wife, Rev. Charles 
S. Stewart and wife. Miss Betsy 
Stockton and four native boys 
returning home. 

A third party arrived on 
March 30, 1828, in the ship 
Parthian, and comprised Rev. 
Lorrin Andrews and wife, Rev. 
Ephraim W. Clark and wife, 
Rev. Jonathan S. Green and 
wife, Rev. Peter J. Gulick and 
wife, Dr. Gerrit P. Judd and 
wife. Misses Maria Ogden, 
Maria Patten, Delia Stone and 
Mary Ward; Stephen Shepard 
and wife, Henry Tahiti, Tyler, 
Mills, and Phelps. Shepard 

was a printer and brought another press with him. Teaching the 

natives the art of printing forthwith began. The first press had been 

set in operation on January 7, 1822, the initial impression being the 

first lesson of a spelling book. 

There were other missionaries who came later. General Samuel 

Chapman Armstrong, a Union hero of the Civil War, and founder 

of Hampton Institute, Virginia, was a son of Richard Armstrong, 

missionary. He was born on the island of Maui. 




AKAKA FALLS, HAWAII 




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22 ALL ABOUT HAWAII 

Richards was father of the first public school system of the islands, 
and a street in Honolulu is named after him. Dr. Judd became a 
trusted adviser of the king, figuring prominently in defense of the 
independence of the group when Lord George Paulet, a British naval 
captain, annexed it to Great Britain. A secret mission was sent to 
Washington by way of Mexico, a part of which went to London. The 
outcome was recognition of Hawaiian independence by Great Britain, 
France, and the United States, together with a guarantee by the British 
and French governments that neither would thereafter disturb the 
autonomy of Hawaii. In the meantime, Admiral Thomas of the 
British navy formally restored the flag of the kingdom. 

Bingham began the translation of the Bible on October 4, 1823, 
comparing Latin, English, and Tahitian versions with the original 
Greek. His son (Hiram Bingham II) translated the Bible into the lan- 
guage of the Gilbert Islands. His grandson (Hiram Bingham III) 
is a Yale professor and noted explorer and scientist. 

Mr. and Mrs. Amos Cooke started the Royal school for the sons 
and daughters of chiefs, some of whose pupfls became kings and queens. 
The name of the institution is perpetuated in one of the largest public 
schools of Honolulu. 

The American missionaries had much to do with the inauguration 
of constitutional government in Hawaii. They placed a distinct Puri- 
tanical stamp upon the laws of the islands, which is not to this day 
quite obliterated. Missionaries of other faiths came at later periods 
and, with an early exception, when the native ruler opposed the entrance 
of Roman Catholic worship, utmost freedom of religion has prevailed 
in Hawaii. Many descendants of the New England missionaries have 
been and are today prominent in public as well as private life in the 
islands. 



IMMIGRATION 

CHINESE immigration began in 1852, with a shipload of one hun- 
dred and eighty on five-year contracts for sugar plantations, at 
$3 a month in addition to passage, housing, food, clothing, and medical 
attendance. Within a few months one hundred more were brought in, 
the process continuing until twenty-one thousand had been brought 
in. Some of the Chinese married Hawaiian women and their descen- 
dants are among the most competent and robust citizens of Hawaii 
today. i 

About the year 1885 an agitation against further Chinese immigra- 
tion took active form. The opposition was partly based on the small 
proportion of Chinese women, which was claimed to result in the 
destruction of morals of the Hawaiian race. But the main strength 
of the agitation came from white mechanics and storekeepers, who 




ALEXANDER YOUNG HOTEL, HONOLULU 

had become alarmed at the competition of the orientals, whose cheap 
mode of living, far below western standards of respectability, gave 
them an overwhelming advantage. 

Having been made a political issue, the result was the passage of 
a constitutional amendment whereby it became lawful to restrict 



23 



24 



ALL ABOUT HAWAII 



Chinese immigration to those coming in under contracts for three 
years, to perform only "agricultural or domestic labor," and at the end 
of that term to return to their own country unless they chose to enter 
into another similar contract. A percentage of their wages was to be 
retained and deposited in the postal savings bank for ensuring their 
return passage money. 

This amendment came into effect only a few days before the over- 
throw of the Hawaiian monarchy, and was destined to be short-lived 




OLD ROYAL BARRACKS, HONOLULU 
Now LJ. S. A. Storehouse 



in its operation. Shortly after the inauguration of the republic in 
1894, following eighteen months of the provisional government, the 
Japanese government served notice on the government of Hawaii that 
the former would consider it "an unfriendly act" for Hawaii further 
to admit Chinese to the islands in such number as would cause the 
Chinese population thereof to exceed that which existed at the date of 
the labor convention between Japan and Hawaii concluded in 1886. 

In this "ultimatum" it was alleged that there was an unwritten 
"understanding" with respect to such Chinese restriction between the 
contracting parties when the labor convention was negotiated. Hawaii 



ALL ABOUT HAWAII 25 

not being in a position to resist the dictation of a great power, the 



CITY OF HONOLULU FROM HARBOR TO MOUNTAINS 




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24 ALL ABOUT HAWA. 

Chinese immigration to those coming in un 



ALL ABOUT HAWAII 



25 



not being in a position to resist the dictation of a great power, the 
systematic importation of Chinese labor thereupon ceased. In the year 
1898 the resolution of Hawaiian annexation passed by the United States 
Congress placed the islands definitely under the Chinese exclusion 
laws of the annexing nation. 

Polynesian. — About twenty South Sea Islanders were imported 
for labor purposes in 1859, others in 1868, and later one hundred and 
twenty-six. After a suspension 
of this class of immigration for 
ten years, it was resumed, and 
within ten years from 1877 
nearly two thousand, including 
some Melanesian cannibals, had 
been brought in. Results either 
as citizens or laborers were un- 
satisfactory. Most of the South 
Sea people were ultimately 
shipped back to their native 
islands. 

Japanese. — In the year 1868 
a party of forty-eight Japanese 
was introduced on three-year 
contracts at $4 a month, with 
food, lodging and medical attend- 
ance. Owing to complaints of 
ill-treatment, which, on investiga- 
tion by the Japanese government 
were found groundless, forty of 
them were sent home, where their 
government made them work for 
three years to pay expenses of 
their passage. 

In 1884 under a new arrange- 
ment with Japan, nearly one 
thousand were brought in, but 

on account of misunderstandings, the emigration was stopped. A 
labor convention with Japan was concluded in 1886, under which 
thousands were introduced before annexation. The enumerated Japanese 
population of Hawaii in 1920 was 109,274. 

American. — A colony from the United States arrived in 1870 and 




IAO NEEDLE, MAUI 



26 



ALL ABOUT HAWAII 




HONOLULU RESIDENCE 



settled on Lanai, under a farm tenancy arrangement, each person being 
required to take twelve acres and stay on the land one year — the pro- 
prietor to furnish lodging, working animals, seed and implements. 
Severe droughts the first year caused the scheme to collapse. 

Portuguese. — The pioneer company of Portuguese numbering one 
hundred and eighty persons, arrived in 1878, followed by seven hundred 
and fifty others a little later, from the Azores and Madeira. In 1882 
an understanding with Portugal resulted in seven thousand coming 
over in the next six years. By 1899 nearly thirteen thousand Portu- 
guese had been imported. In 1920 the Portuguese inhabitants 
numbered 27,002. 

Northern Europe. — In 1880 the board of immigration introduced six 
hundred immigrants from Norway and about the same period nine 
hundred Germans came in. As agricultural laborers these people 
soon gave up, and immigration for that purpose from Northern Europe 
was decided to be a failure. 

Others. — Some Galicians were introduced shortly before annexation, 
who soon became discontented with plantation life. After annexation, 
a few Russians drifted in, but with few exceptions did not remain. 

Under the territorial government, labor has been imported from 
Spain, Porto Rico, and the Philippines. 



TOPOGRAPHICAL 

HAWAII. — Largest of the group, the island of Hawaii contains an 
area of 4,015 square miles, being more than twice the combined 
area of Maui, Oahu, and Kauai. It is smaller than Connecticut and 
much larger than Porto Rico. Hawaii is formed by the coalescence of 
four large volcanoes — Kohala, Mauna Kea, Hualalai, and Mauna 
Loa. The first three are extinct, but Mauna Loa has two active 
craters. Mauna Kea, 13,825 feet above sea level, is not only the high- 
est mountain in the Hawaiian group, but the highest island mountain 
in the world. 

Kilauea, the largest active crater in the world, is on the southeastern 
slope of Mauna Loa. It is a huge sunken basin, -2.93 miles long, 1.95 
miles wide, 7.85 miles in circumference and 4.14 square miles in area. 
On three sides the crater is walled by perpendicular cliffs between 
200 and 500 feet high. Near the center is the pit of Halemaumau, or 
lake of fire, on the edge of which one may stand in safety and see the 




PA-U RIDERS, A FEATURE OF HOLIDAY PARADES 

(Pa-u is the divided skirt) 

27 



28 



ALL ABOUT HAWAII 




LAVA FLOW IN KILAUEA 



molten lava boiling and spouting — sometimes only a few feet, and again 
hundreds of feet below, and occasionally even overflowing the rim 
of this inner pit and streaming out upon the floor of the main crater 
or caldera. Periods of inactivity in Kilauea occur only at intervals 
of years. It has now been continuously active, most of the time vio- 
lently so, for several years. At the advent of 1921 its turbulence was 
such as had scarcely ever been equaled in living memory. An obser- 
vatory for scientific investigation of the phenomena is maintained on 
the brink of the caldera jointly by the Hawaiian Volcano Research 
Association and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

There is no more impressive natural wonder on the surface of the 
globe than this Hawaiian volcano, and there is none of earth's marvels 
more easy of access by the traveler. 

Mokuaweoweo, the summit crater of Mauna Loa. is active about as 
rarely as Kilauea is quiescent. When, at intervals of a few years 
each, there is an eruption of Mokuaweoweo, it furnishes a spectacle at 
close view as awe-inspiring as Kilauea in its most lively moods. It 
is more difficult to reach, there being only a bridle trail over extremely 
rough slopes from below, but a movement is afoot for the construction 
of a road to the sublime height. 



ALL ABOUT HAWAII 



29 



These craters, however, do not monopolize Hawaiian volcanic 
activity. Quite often lava flows burst from the slopes of Mauna Loa 
and career — mighty rivers of molten rock illuminating the island at 
night — over every obstacle to the sea. These flows overrun forests 
and blockade public roads, but though frequently in past years threat- 
ening towns, settlements and cultivated lands, have fortunately never 
done a great deal of damage. Once, nearly half a century ago, the 
town of Hilo was menaced, but the flow stopped when within a few yards 
of a sugar mill on the outskirts. 

The active volcanoes on the island of Hawaii and the extinct crater 
Haleakala on Maui are now included in the United States National 
Park system. 

Rainfall on "the big island" varies greatly, ranging from 353 inches 
a year in the upper Waipio valley to between twenty and sixty inches 
on the slopes of Hualalai. The only surface streams of water on the 
island are found along the northeast coast between Hilo and Kohala. 
Waipio river is the largest stream on the island, and has been partly 
developed for irrigation. At Kapoho, on the east point of the island, 
warm water flows from seams in the rocks. These warm springs dis- 
charge into a pool about one hundred feet long, twenty-five feet wide 




OAHU COUNTRY CLUB, HONOLULU 



30 



ALL ABOUT HAWAII 



and twenty feet deep. The pool is entirely surrounded by rocks, and 
its color varies in shade from a beautiful blue to violet. Waiapele, 
or Green Lake, is a body of fresh water in the pit of an old crater near 
Kapoho. It covers an area of about five acres and is fed by springs 
below the surface. A pumping plant takes water from this lake for 
domestic uses and for irrigation. 

Maui, second largest island of the group, has an area of 728 square 
miles. Its greatest length is forty-seven miles from northwest to 




JAPANESE FISHING SAMPANS AT HONOLULU 



southeast, greatest width about twenty-five miles, and least width, 
across the isthmus connecting East and West Maui, six or seven miles. 
In a political way Maui is chief of a sub-group comprising Maui, Molo- 
kai, Lanai and Kahoolawe, situated about half way between Oahu 
on the northwest and Hawaii to the southeast, the three smaller islands 
ranging in distance from Maui six miles for Kahoolawe, seven miles 
for Lanai, and eight miles for Molokai. These four islands constitute 
the county of Maui and a district for the election of members of the 
legislature. 

Erosion has produced some picturesque valleys and canyons on the 



ALL ABOUT HAWAII 



31 



island of Maui that are probably unsurpassed anywhere else in the 
Hawaiian group. Most notable of these is Iao valley, whose broad 
amphitheater at the head is four thousand feet below the summit of 
Puu Kukui overlooking it. West Maui is much the older of the two 
Maui mountains. No trace of the original crater that must have 
formed it seems to exist. From the summit, at an elevation of 5,790 
feet, many sharp ridges that have been worn almost to knife edges 
radiate in nearly every direction. 




ARMY AND NAVY YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 
Former Royal Hawaiian Hotel, bought for the nation's defenders 

by citizens of Honolulu 

East Maui is one of the younger mountains of the group. Its crater, 
Haleakala, at. the summit, ten thousand feet above sea level, is the 
largest extinct crater in the world, and is as well preserved as if its 
fires were extinguished but yesterday. The crater is twenty miles 
in circumference and two thousand feet deep, and contains many cinder 
cones, some of which rise seven hundred feet above its floor. 

The shore line of Maui is fairly regular, there being no prominent 
capes or points. Cliffs exist on the northeastern coast, but they are 



32 ALL ABOUT HAWAII 

not very high. Maalaea, on the south side of the isthmus, is the largest 
bay. The only harbor is Kahului, on the north side of the isthmus. 

Rainfall varies greatly in different parts of the island. On the west 
and south coasts it ranges from twenty to thirty inches annually, and 
semi-arid conditions prevail. On the northeast coast the rainfall is 
heavy, ranging from one hundred to three hundred inches or more. 
Streams are numerous on the northeastern and southern slopes of East 
Maui, but the largest and most constant streams are on West Maui. 
Practically all the streams are used to irrigate cane and taro. Taro, 
the staple root crop of the Pacific islands, is grown in some of the val- 
leys, and a small quantity of rice is also grown, both requiring irrigation. 

Oahu, third in size, but most important member of the group, has 
an area of 598 square miles. It has two distinct mountain ranges. 
Koolau range extends the full length of the island three or four miles 
inland. Waianae range lies almost the full length of the southwest 
side, its crest from one to five miles from the shore. Kaala peak in 
Waianae range, 4,030 feet above sea level, is the highest point on the 
island. 

The shore line is much more irregular than that of any of the other 
islands. It contains spacious bays, the most important being at 
Honolulu and Pearl harbors, on the south side. Pearl harbor, split 
into spacious and beautiful lochs, is the site of the United States naval 
station. 

Owing to the nature and arrangement of Oahu's mountain ranges, 
there are fewer running streams here than on the other large islands. 
Also the rainfall is less. According to a U. S. geological survey bulletin, 
it ranges from thirty-one inches a year in the business center of Hono- 
lulu to twenty-one inches at Ewa and Waianae, all on the south side. 
On the north side of Honolulu the rainfall ranges from forty or fifty to 
ninety inches. It reaches one hundred and forty or one hundred and 
fifty inches in Nuuanu and Manoa valleys, but is considerably less in 
the mountains. 

What the island lacks in surface supply is largely made up from 
underground sources. Cane, rice, and taro are extensively irrigated 
on Oahu; pineapples require no irrigation. Oahu has the best artesian 
water supply of all of the islands. Originally the water from flowing 
wells reached forty-two feet above sea level at Honolulu, thirty-two 
feet at Ewa and twenty-six feet at Kahuku, but the height now is con- 
siderably less than it was originally. Nearly five hundred wells have 
been sunk at Oahu, from many of which the water has to be raised by 




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ALL ABOUT HAWAII 



pumping. The city of Honolulu is supplied with both artesian and 
surface water, the latter being used mainly by high-level residents. 
Kauai. — Smallest of the four large islands, Kauai lies at the north- 
west end of the main group. Its greatest length east and west — from 




AT FORT AND HOTEL STREETS, HONOLULU 



Mana to Anahola — is about thirty-two miles ; width, north and south — 
Hanalei to Hanapepe — about twenty-two miles. On the map the island 
is approximately circular in outline. Its area of 547 square miles is 
less than one-half that of Rhode Island. Niihau, separated from it 
by a narrow channel, is politically a part of Kauai. The shore line of 
Kauai is fairly regular, there not being many bays or capes. Hanalei, 
on the north, and Nawiliwili, on the southeast, are the two principal 
bays. There is deep water near the shore and there are few coral reefs. 
The highest part of Kauai consists of the mountain mass of Waia- 
leale, occupying the central part of the island. Waialeale peak is 5,080 
feet above sea level. Kawaikini peak, about one mile farther south, 
is ninety feet higher. From the region of these peaks the slope is rapid 
in every direction, being more precipitous toward the east. Three 
important ridges, or divides, branch off from Waialeale. These water- 
sheds mark out four distinct drainage areas or basins. The western 



ALL ABOUT HAWAII 35 

area includes Napaki (meaning precipices) on the northwest and that 
part of the island west of Waimea canyon. It consists for the most 
part of open rolling country sloping to the west from Waimea canyon, 
and is intersected by many gulches which are practically dry except 
for a few hours after storms. Along the northwest coast, however, 
there are several short streams which issue from the deep, narrow 
canyons that lie among the cliffs of this region. 

The southern basin comprises about one-third of the island and 
includes all the streams west and south of the main divide. The north- 
ern part is comparatively flat and swampy. There are numerous 
streams, most of which have cut deep channels. Some of the latter 
are veritable canyons, separated by narrow ridges and extending far 




OUTRIGGER CANOE SURFRIDING 

back from the sea. Waimea canyon is especially noteworthy. It 
is about ten miles long, a mile or more wide, and two thousand to three 
thousand feet deep. "Its coloring and sculpture are' exquisite," says 
a U. S. geological survey report, "and remind one of the Grand Canyon 
of the Colorado." 



36 ALL ABOUT HAWAII 

The eastern basin includes all streams east of the main divide and 
south of the Waialeale-Anahola divide. The greater part of the area 
is more or less open and comparatively flat. Near the crest of the 
divide the slope is very steep. The east side of Waialeale is almost ver- 
tical for a depth of two thousand to three thousand feet. The general 
slope is modified by Kalepa ridge on the east, six hundred to seven 
hundred feet high and five miles long, through which Wailua river has 
cut its channel, and by Kilohana crater west of Lihue, a tufa cone 
1,134 feet high. 

The northern basin is somewhat triangular in shape and includes all 
the streams going to sea between Anahola on the east and Napali 
on the west. This basin is characterized by several long, narrow ridges 
radiating northward from Waialeale and separating deep gulches that 
carry good-sized streams, while the western part is exceedingly well 
favored by large streams. 

As compared with the other islands, Kauai is singular in several 
ways. It is the oldest of the larger islands and consists of one central 
mountain mass, differing in this respect from Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii, 
each of which consists of two or more distinct mountain masses formed 
at different times. Because of its greater age, its various natural 
features are better differentiated. 

Erosion has wrought greater changes on Kauai than on the other 
islands. The valleys are longer, deeper, and broader. Permanent 
streams flow out to the sea in every direction except on the western 
side, which is deprived of streams largely because of the deep Waimea 
canyon. Not only are the streams of good size, but they are more 
uniform in flow and flatter in grade than the streams on the other 
islands, though there are some waterfalls. Every important stream on 
Kauai is drawn upon to a greater or less extent for irrigation, chiefly 
for the irrigating of sugar cane. Rice is grown on the lowlands, and in 
all the valleys. Some taro is also grown in the valleys. Recently the 
rapidly-increasing pineapple industry has become shared by Kauai, but 
this is a crop that is not irrigated. 

Kauai is called the "Garden Island," probably on account of its 
flora, which is said to be more diverse and better developed than the 
flora on any of the other islands. The line of dense vegetation no longer 
reaches down to the sea as it probably did originally, being now largely 
confined to the higher elevations, and even there becoming opened up 
somewhat by the depredations of wild live stock. However, most 
of the wooded area is now included in forest reservations, and the 




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38 ALL ABOUT HAWAII 

government is carrying out a policy of preventing further injury to the 
forests and promoting reforestation. In this conservation of forests, 
protecting the water sources, private interests are co-operating. 

Molokai — There's a lovely little island, 

Sleeping in the summer seas; 
With its coast and grassy highland 
Fanned by ever-cooling breeze: 
Just a bit of old Hawaii, 
Molokai! Molokai! 

Curves of beach and mountain passes, 

Valleys wrapped in falling mist; 
Silvered trees and dewy grasses, 

Heights by morn and evening kissed: 
Just a bit of old Hawaii, 
Molokai ! Molokai ! 

Come ye lovers of the golden, 

Happy days of long ago; 
Come where homes and tastes are olden, 
Who would quiet and comfort know : 
Just a bit of old Hawaii, 
Molokai! Molokai! 

— Dr. E. S. Goodhue. 

Molokai belongs to the legislative, municipal and judicial district 
comprising the islands of Maui, Molokai, Lanai, and Kahoolawe. It 
lies between Oahu on the northwest and Maui on the southeast. The 
island is nearly forty miles long east and west, and six to nine miles 
wide, being fifth of the group in size and containing an area of 261 
square miles. 

The north side of Molokai is very rugged, especially along the eastern 
half. It consists of vertical cliffs one thousand to four thousand feet 
in height, which are cut by alcove valleys inaccessible except from the 
sea. The largest of these valleys are Pelekunu and Wailau, which reach 
half way through the island. Waikolu on the north and Halawa on 
the east side are other deep gulches. The highest point on Molokai 
(elevation 4,958 feet) is at the south end of the ridge between Pelekunu 
and Wailau valleys. It is said that the scenery along the northeast 
side of Molokai is the wildest in the group. Practically all the streams 
on the island are on the northeast side. There is considerable water 
in some of them, but it is in short, deep canyons at a comparatively low 
elevation. The water is used for irrigating taro in Pelekunu and 
Wailau valleys. Some large stock-raising and dairying ranches are 



ALL ABOUT HAWAII 



39 



situated upon Molokai. When sugar planting came under the impetus 
of annexation to the United States, among the many new planting 
corporations floated were one or two to operate on Molokai. Lack of 
attainable water, however, caused them to change their purpose to 
that of stock-ranching. Molokai supplies Oahu and Maui with con- 
siderable meat and dairy products, as well as the native Hawaiian 
staff of life — taro. 




KAMEHAMEHA AVENUE, HILO 
Looking north toward Mauna Kea 



EDUCATION 

AT the close of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1920, there were 
■^jl 38,295 pupils enrolled in the public schools of Hawaii, and 7,406 
pupils in private schools. 

Teachers in the public schools for the same year numbered 1,161. 
of whom 1,018 were women; and in the private schools 384, the female 
portion being 301. The number of schools was 232, divided between 
173 public and 59 private. 

By nationalities the 38,295 public school pupils were divided as 
follows: Hawaiian, 3,293; part Hawaiian, 4,100; Anglo-Saxon, 1,033; 




MO ANA HOTEL, WAIKIKI, HONOLULU 



Scandinavian, 34; Spanish, 379; Portuguese, 5,304; Porto Rican, 
1,068; Chinese, 3,721; Japanese, 17,541; Korean, 508; Filipino, 
941; others, 373. 

In the latest report of the Russell Sage Foundation, the school 
system of Hawaii is declared as "better than those of the majority of 
American states." From another official statement the following 
high lights of Hawaii's schools are derived: 

41 




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The trend of school administration on the mainland is more and 
more approaching that of Hawaii. 

Educational opportunities are more equitably distributed through- 
out the entire area of the Territory of Hawaii than in any mainland 
state. Hawaii's compulsory attendance law is older and better enforced 
than those of many mainland states. 




ALONG THE NORTH HILO COASTLINE 



In Hawaii every teacher is paid for the twelve months of the year, 
in twelve equal instalments. No sex distinction whatsoever is made, 
in any of the salary schedules, between men and women. 

Hawaii is notable for the excellence of its public school singing. 

In serving hot, substantial lunches at cost, from her school kitchens, 
Hawaii is ahead of many mainland communities. 

Few mainland regions have the opportunity for school sites of such 
magnificent scenic beauty and charm. 

Nowhere in the United States is the public school, as an American- 
izing agency, of greater significance or potentiality than in Hawaii. 

Public school kindergartens are being started, the private ones 
having made a brilliant record in the past twenty years. 



ALL ABOUT HAWAII 45 

Industrial training, begun in several institutions for boys and 
girls, separately, by the New England missionaries nearly a century 
ago, is now being constantly broadened and extended in the public 
school systems. A splendid private foundation in this class is that 
of Kamehameha schools for boys and girls, for which the entire estate 
of the late Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop, who died in 1884, was 
devised and bequeathed. Its buildings and grounds, on either side 
of King Street, within two miles of Honolulu postomce, are among 
the chief "sights" of the capital. Upon the campus of the boys' school, 
it may be mentioned, stands Bernice Pauahi Bishop Memorial Museum, 
the greatest repository of Polynesian exhibits in the world, and the 
seat of extensive scientific investigations in which institutions in both 
the United States and Great Britain are actively interested. 

Physical education and playground direction are being steadily 
promoted in the Hawaiian schools. 

The Hawaiian common school fabric is topped by the high school 
at each county seat. 

A territorial trade school has lately been started, having three 
departments — machine shop, automobile repair shop, and carpenter 
shop. Another laudable addition to the system is a school for the 
physically defective. 

Community meetings on the premises of the larger schools in 
Honolulu are proving attractive. Their programs include motion 
pictures, mass singing, four-minute talks and special features. 

Select schools for children from English-speaking homes have been 
opened in several parts of the group. 

By a law passed in 1919, the College of Hawaii, after a growth of a 
score of years, was raised to a university. Nine degrees were conferred 
at the annual commencement in May, 1920, eight bachelors of science 
and one master of science graduating. The University of Hawaii 
specializes in the technique of the sugar and other industries of the 
territory. Its model farm and dairy sections take high rank. 

Territorial industrial schools for youthful delinquents — one for boys 
and one for girls — have been maintained for many years on the island 
of Oahu. At the end of last fiscal period, 159 boys and 138 girls were 
receiving ordinary schooling and training in agriculture and manual 
arts in these institutions. 

Medical examination of school children is regular, and the board 
of health maintains a dental clinic among them which last year gave 
11,412 treatments to 2,827 pupils. 



FACILITIES OF TRAVEL 

THE Matson Navigation Company operates seven steamers in the 
direct passenger service between San Francisco and Honolulu. 
It also maintains a passenger steamer between San Francisco and 
Hilo, besides a number of freight carriers running from San Francisco 
and Seattle to Hawaiian ports. 

The Pacific Mail Steamship Company, maintaining a line of eight 
passenger steamers between San Francisco and oriental ports, calling 
at Honolulu, also has two large passenger and freight boats running 
to Manila and the East Indies. It has ten freighters besides. 

The Toyo Kisen Kaisha has five steamers in its service between 
San Francisco, China, and Japan, touching at Honolulu — four of the 
vessels of 20,000 tons and over, and three boats ranging from 14,000 
to 18,500 tons on routes including China, Japan, Honolulu, Hilo, San 
Francisco, Mexico, Panama, and South America. 

The Oceanic Steamship Company has two steamers running between 
San Francisco and Sydney, by way of Honolulu and Pago Pago (Samoa). 

The Canadian-Australasian Royal Mail Line operates two steamers 
between Vancouver and Sydney, making a voyage in each direction 
every twenty-eight days, calling at Honolulu, Suva (Fiji) and Auckland 
(New Zealand). 

The China Mail Steamship Company has three steamers between 
San Francisco and oriental ports, carrying first, second and third-class 
passengers to and from Honolulu. 

The Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company has a fleet of eleven 
steamers, maintaining regular schedules between Honolulu and the 
islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai and Kauai. Its Hilo and Kona 
routes are those taken by passengers for the Volcano. 

There are 157 miles of passenger and freight railways on Oahu, 130 
on Hawaii, 42 on Maui, and 19 on Kauai. Altogether, they carried 
more than 2,000,000 passengers in 1919. 

Honolulu Rapid Transit & Land Company operates the only street 
railway in the territory. In 1919 it carried 15,225,168 fare and 158,268 
free passengers. Hilo has a street railway charter, but no rails. 



47 




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GENERAL INFORMATION 

DOMESTIC corporations to the number of 904, with an aggregate 
capital of $192,965,838, were registered on June 30, 1920. Of 
these 781, with a total capital of $115,917,963, had been incorporated 
since the hoisting of the Stars and Stripes over Hawaii on August 12, 
1898. Hawaiian corporations are classified as agricultural, 154; mer- 
cantile, 514; railroad, 9; street car, 2; steamship, 3; bank, 9; savings 
and loan, 19; trust, 7; insurance, 2; eleemosynary, 185; total, 904. 

Assessments of real and personal property for the whole territory 
in 1920 amounted to $287,006,792, as compared with $121,172,928 in 
1901, the first year after the inauguration of the Territory of Hawaii. 
Percentages of total assessed value as above were divided among the 
following classes, thus: Corporations, firms, etc., 74.01; Anglo-Saxons, 
12.18; Hawaiians, 6.32; Portuguese and Spanish, 2.57; Chinese, 
2.22; Japanese, 2.70. 

Under the laws of the territory the islands have a municipal system. 
Oahu's local affairs are directed by a mayor and board of supervisors, 
the charter title of jurisdiction being the city and county of Honolulu. 
The other islands have county government by boards of supervisors. 

The Library of Hawaii, on the Carnegie list, had a registration of 
10,066 at last report, 5,615 adults and 4,451 children holding cards. 
It has 232 stations throughout the islands, and books are supplied 
to army posts, naval stations and transports. 

Honolulu boasts two large foundries, both of which have estab- 
lished branches in Manila, P. I. These manufactories turn out the 
largest and best types of sugar mills in the world, not only for Hawaii, 
but for cane planters on both sides of the globe. 

Postal receipts at Honolulu in the fiscal year 1920 amounted to 
$219,649.14. Domestic money orders were issued to the amount of 
$141,259.37, and paid $74,201.93. Money orders certified to Japan 
the same year, from all Hawaii, totaled $770,656.94 — the amount was 
more than a million in 1917. 

Twenty-six banks were in operation in Hawaii in 1920. The total 
number of banks in 1901, the first year after Hawaii received territorial 
government from Congress, was eight, so that the number has trebled 
in the twenty-one years under American rule. Deposits in the same 
time increased from $4,662,131 to $52,783,114, or more than eleven- 
fold. Saving deposits included grew from $804,718 in 1901 to 
$15,807,778 in 1920. 

49 



50 ALL ABOUT HAWAII 

Hawaii contributed $1,172,394.04 to the United States treasury 
in the last fiscal year in customs receipts, and $11,868,020.33 in collec- 
tions of internal revenue, a total of $13,040,414.37, which with the 
postal receipts at Honolulu ($219,649.14) make a grand aggregate of 
$13,260,063.51. 

Internal- revenue receipts were expected to show an enormous 
increase the next fiscal year. From and including the latter half of 
June, 1901, to June 30, 1920, or twenty and one-half years, Hawaii 
yielded to the mother country $31,471,971.24 of internal revenue 
collections and $26,000,277.87 of customs dues, an aggregate of 
$57,472,249.11. 

Besides the trans-Pacific cable, Honolulu has telegraphic communi- 
cation with both sides of the ocean, as well as the outer islands of the 
group, by three wireless plants. 

There are between 8,000 and 9,000 instruments on the lines of the 
Mutual Telephone Company of Honolulu. They are of the automatic 
type, requiring no operators to handle calls. Hawaii island system 
contains more than 1,800 telephones, as also does that of the island of 
Maui. Telephones were adopted in the islands before most places 
on the mainland. 

There was nearly $61,000,000 of fire insurance written in Hawaii in 

1919, about $156,000,000 of marine insurance, and more than $6,000,000 
of life insurance. 

The bonded indebtedness of the Territory of Hawaii on June 30, 

1920, stood at $10,894,000. Interest rates ranged from 3^ to 5 per 
cent, the latter on only $200,000 of the total. 

The legislature of 1919 contained seven Hawaiian, one Portuguese, 
and seven other white senators, and twenty-one Hawaiian, five Portu- 
guese and four other white representatives. 

Arrivals and departures of vessels at ports of Hawaii for the fiscal 
year 1920 numbered 1,069, with an aggregate gross tonnage of 5,430,976 
tons. Honolulu's share was 839 vessels and 4,529,973 tons, the other 
ports in majority order being Hilo, Kahului, and Port Allen. 

During the year 1920 the total number of steamers calling at Hono- 
lulu was 833. This is an increase of 180 steam vessels over the number 
that arrived the year before. 

POPULATION 

According to the fourteenth United States census, the population 
of Hawaii in 1920 was 255,912. Compared with a population of 




HULA DANCER AND GRASS HUT 



52 ALL ABOUT HAWAII 

191,909 in 1910, this represents an increase during the ten years of 64,003, 
or 33.4 per cent. By islands, the figures are as follows: 

Hawaii 64,895 Maui 36,080 

Kahoolawe 3 Midway 31 

Kauai 29,247 Molokai 1,784 

Lanai 185 Niihau 191 

Oahu 123,496 

Hawaii county is the island of Hawaii. 

Honolulu county consists of the island of Oahu and Midway island 
(a cable station). "City and County of Honolulu" is its official desig- 
nation. 

Kalawao county is part of the island of Molokai, being the site 
of the leper settlement. Its population is 667, a decrease of 18 since 
1910, and of 510 since 1900. 

Kauai county consists of the island of that name and the island 
of Niihau. 

Maui county is composed of the islands of Kahoolawe, Lanai, and 
Molokai, excepting from the last the county of Kalawao. 

Honolulu city district has a population of 83,327, an increase of 
31,144 over the previous census. 

Hilo city, the county seat of Hawaii, has a population of 10,431, 
an increase of 3,686 over 1910. 

In 1832, the year of the first census of Hawaii, the population was 
130,313, from which there was a steady decrease up to 1872, when it 
was 56,897; then a constant gain until the year 1920. Regular census- 
taking was not in vogue in the kingdom of Hawaii, until 1865, when a 
law was passed requiring the board of education to take a census every 
sixth year. This practice was observed until the annexation of the 
islands to the United States. By nationalities or races, the population 
of Hawaii is distributed as follows: 

Hawaiian 23,723 Chinese 23,507 

Asiatic Hawaiian 6,955 Japanese 109,274 

Caucasian Hawaiian . . . 11,072 Filipino 21,031 

Portuguese 27,002 Korean 4,950 

Porto Rican 5,602 Negro 348 

Spanish 2,430 All other 310 

Other Caucasian 19,708 

There was a decrease in ten years of full-blooded Hawaiians of 2,318; 
of ftiegroes, 347; and of "all other," 66. Three- fourths of the net 
increase was contributed by the Japanese (29,599) and Filipinos (18,670). 



COMMERCE OF HAWAII 

FOR the calendar year 1920 the aggregate commerce of the Territory 
of Hawaii was $282,157,929. This was an increase of $120,580,338 
over the twelve months of 1919. 

Of the aggregate mentioned, $266,435,638 was domestic, or trade 

with the United States mainland, and $15,722,291 foreign, or direct 
trade between Hawaii and foreign countries. 

Shipments of merchandise from the United States to Hawaii in 
1920 were valued at $74,052,453, being $24,068,584 more than in 1919. 
Following is a list of what the Territory imported from the mother 
country last year: 

Agricultural implements $336,771 

Animals 432,875 

Brass and manufactures of 288,346 

Breadstuffs 6,239,102 

Brooms and brushes 90,082 

Cars, carriages, etc. ($3,698,937 representing automobiles) 4,648,008 

Cement 725,070 

Chemicals, drugs, etc 1,072,050 

Clocks and watches 206,759 

Coal 231,504 

Cocoa and chocolate, except confectionery 126,591 

Coffee 39,793 

Confectionery 414,033 

Copper and manufactures of 370,438 

Cotton manufactures 5,172,829 

Crockeryware 472,176 

Eggs . 357,709 

Electrical machinery, etc 1,562,711 

Explosives 127,389 

Fertilizers 2,605,360 

Fibers, etc 480,565 

Fish 903,973 

Fruits and nuts 987,274 

Furniture of metal .-. 193,612 

Glass and glassware 463,324 

Gold and silver manufactures and jewelry 324,244 

Hay • 240,941 

Household and personal effects 129,657 

India rubber manufactures (of which auto tires represents 

$1,135,412) 1,815,270 

Instruments for scientific purposes 122,714 

Iron and steel and manufactures of 12,541,742 

Lamps, etc., except electric 49,411 

53 



54 ALL ABOUT HAWAII 

Lead manufactures 137,548 

Leather and manufactures of 1,702,831 

Meat and dairy products 3,093,447 

Musical instruments 253,142 

Naval stores 43.909 

Oilcloth 57,178 

Oils, mineral 7,812,531 

Oils, vegetable 192,642 

Paints, etc 610,952 

Paper and manufactures of 2,013,523 

Perfumeries, etc 196,303 

Phonographs, etc 144,809 

Photographic goods (including motion picture films, $72,341) .... 232,343 

Roofing felt, etc 89,325 

Salt 31,458 

Silk manufactures 592,681 

Soaps 417,462 

Starch 16,395 

Straw and palm leaf manufactures 223,935 

Sugar and syrup 430,049 

Tea 18,189 

Tobacco manufactures 1,656,452 

Toys 155,771 

Vegetables 930,473 

Wood manufactures and lumber 5,857,327 

Wool manufactures 1,305,966 

All other articles 2,091,013 

Shipments of Hawaiian products to the States in 1920 were valued 
at $190,515,772; of foreign merchandise, $74,640, and of articles 
produced in the United States and returned, $1,792,773— a total of 
shipments from the Territory to the mother country of $192,383,185. 
Items of the shipments to the mainland follow: 

Animals $12,740 

Beeswax 10,807 

Bones, hoofs, horns, etc 3,143 

Breadstuff's (rice, $111,544) 137,768 

Chemicals, etc 12,052 

Coffee 476,033 

Fibers 39,381 

Fish 219,492 

Fruits and nuts (bananas, $176,020; canned pineapples, 

$29,176,104) 29,453,329 

Hides, etc ■ 279,671 

Honey 112,161 

Household and personal effects -. 2,110 

Meat and dairy produce (tallow) 22,436 




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Musical instruments * $22,458 

Paper and manufactures of 5,690 

Pineapple juice 45,197 

Straw and palm leaf manufactures 3,566 

Sugar and molasses: 

Molasses and syrup $665,812 

Raw sugar 154,550,205 

Refined sugar 4,162,032 159,378,049 

Vegetables 54,476 

Wood and manufactures of 25,801 

Wool, raw 136,396 

All other articles 63,016 

Direct imports to Hawaii from foreign countries in 1920 were 
$12,284,592 in value, and exports to such countries $3,437,699, there 
being an increase of $3,303,888 in imports, and a decrease of $812,304 
in exports, as compared with the year 1919 — or a net increase of 
$2,491,584 in Hawaii's foreign trade. 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS | 



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